ASP.NET is part of Microsoft's overall .NET framework, which contains a vast set of programming classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. In the following two sections, you learn how ASP.NET fits within the .NET framework, and you learn about the languages you can use in your ASP.NET pages.

ASP.NET是微软.NET框架总体战略的一部分。它包含了一组满足各种可以想象到的需求的类。在之后的两个部分，你将会学到ASP.NET是怎样融合到.NET框架中去的，而且你将会学到可以在ASP.NET页面中使用到的语言。

The .NET Framework Class Library

.NET框架类库

Imagine that you are Microsoft. Imagine that you have to support multiple programming languages—such as Visual Basic, JScript, and C++. A great deal of the functionality of these programming languages overlaps. For example, for each language, you would have to include methods for accessing the file system, working with databases, and manipulating strings.

假设你就是微软，假设你必须支持多语言编程，例如VB,JS,C++。这些语言的很多函数都重复了，比如对于每种语言，你都必须包含一些访问文件系统，与数据库打交道，以及处理字符串的函数。

Furthermore, these languages contain similar programming constructs. Every language, for example, can represent loops and conditionals. Even though the syntax of a conditional written in Visual Basic differs from the syntax of a conditional written in C++, the programming function is the same.

而且这些语言都包含了相似的变成结构。每种语言都有循环和条件语句。虽然条件语句的语法有些出入，但是功能还是一样的。

Finally, most programming languages have similar variable data types. In most languages, you have some means of representing strings and integers, for example. The maximum and minimum size of an integer might depend on the language, but the basic data type is the same.

最后，很多变成语言都有相似的变量类型定义。在很多语言中，你都可以表达出字符串类型和整型。整型数的最大和最小值则由语言本身决定，但基本的表量类型还是相同的。

Maintaining all this functionality for multiple languages requires a lot of work. Why keep reinventing the wheel? Wouldn't it be easier to create all this functionality once and use it for every language?

维护所有这些语言的函数会很费事。干吗要不断的重复历史的车轮？如果只对函数建立一次而后对每种语言都使用是否会更爽些？

The .NET Framework Class Library does exactly that. It consists of a vast set of classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. For example, the .NET framework contains classes for handling database access, working with the file system, manipulating text, and generating graphics. In addition, it contains more specialized classes for performing tasks such as working with regular expressions and handling network protocols.

而.net框架类库正是如此，它包含了一组为满足变成需要而设计的类。举例来说，.net框架包含了处理数据库访问的一组类。同时还有文件系统处理类以及视图产生类。而且，他包含了更多的较为细化的用来处理正则表达式和网络协议的类。

 

The .NET framework, furthermore, contains classes that represent all the basic variable data types such as strings, integers, bytes, characters, and arrays.

更重要的是，.net框架还将所有一些基础变量都表示了出来，例如字符串类型，整型，字符型和数组。

Most importantly, for purposes of this book, the .NET Framework Class Library contains classes for building ASP.NET pages. You need to understand, however, that you can access any of the .NET framework classes when you are building your ASP.NET pages.

最重要的也是本书的主要目的，.net框架类库包含了用来建立asp.net页面的类。你需要明白的是，你可以在建立自己的asp.net页面的时候访问任何一个.net框架中的类。

Understanding Namespaces

搞懂命名空间

As you might guess, the .NET framework is huge. It contains thousands of classes (over 3,400). Fortunately, the classes are not simply jumbled together. The classes of the .NET framework are organized into a hierarchy of namespaces.

A namespace is a logical grouping of classes. For example, all the classes that relate to working with the file system are gathered together into the System.IO namespace.

命名空间就是对类进行逻辑上的划分。比如，所有和文件系统相关的类都被放入system.io的命名空间中。

The namespaces are organized into a hierarchy (a logical tree). At the root of the tree is the System namespace. This namespace contains all the classes for the base data types, such as strings and arrays. It also contains classes for working with random numbers and dates and times.

同时，命名空间也被组织为一个逻辑上的分层。在这个逻辑分层的最根部是system命名空间。这个命名空间包含了所有与基础数据类型相关的类，比如字符串和数组。同时他还包含了处理随机数和日期时间的类。

You can uniquely identify any class in the .NET framework by using the full namespace of the class. For example, to uniquely refer to the class that represents a file system file (the File class), you would use the following:

System.IO.File

通过使用类的全称，你可以唯一的定位任何一个类。比如定为一个表示文件系统的file类，你可以使用以下的命名：System.IO.File

System.IO refers to the namespace, and File refers to the particular class.

System.IO表示命名空间，而File表示这个特殊的类。

如果想要浏览在.net框架类库中的所有的关于标准类的命名空间，你可以通过浏览参考文档。

Standard ASP.NET Namespaces

asp.net标准命名空间

The classes contained in a select number of namespaces are available in your ASP.NET pages by default. (You must explicitly import other namespaces.) These default namespaces contain classes that you use most often in your ASP.NET applications:

部分命名空间中包含的一些类是默认可以使用的，但有些命名空间则必须明确的引用进来。这些默认的命名空间包含了你最常使用的一些类。

 

• System— Contains all the base data types and other useful classes such as those related to generating random numbers and working with dates and times.

• System--包含了所有基础类型和其他一些有用的类，例如涉及到产生随机数以及和时间和日期相关的类。

• System.Collections— Contains classes for working with standard collection types such as hash tables, and array lists.

• System.Collections--包含了一些例如hash表和数组列表这些标准集合类型的类。

• System.Collections.Specialized— Contains classes that represent specialized collections such as linked lists and string collections.

• System.Collections.Specialized--包含一些表示比较特殊的集合，比如链表和字符串集合。

• System.Configuration— Contains classes for working with configuration files (Web.config files).

• System.Configuration--包含了处理配置文件的一些类。

• System.Text— Contains classes for encoding, decoding, and manipulating the contents of strings.

• System.Text--包含了一些涉及到编码，解码以及处理字符串内容的类。

• System.Text.RegularExpressions— Contains classes for performing regular expression match and replace operations.

• System.Text.RegularExpressions--包含了进行正则表达式匹配及替换的操作的类。

• System.Web— Contains the basic classes for working with the World Wide Web, including classes for representing browser requests and server responses.

• System.Web--包含了处理网络方面的一些基本的类，包括表示浏览器请求及服务端应答的类。

• System.Web.Caching— Contains classes used for caching the content of pages and classes for performing custom caching operations.

• System.Web.Caching--包含了一些用来缓存页面和类的内容以用来做一些常规的缓存操作的类。

• System.Web.Security— Contains classes for implementing authentication and authorization such as Forms and Passport authentication.

• System.Web.Security--包含了一些执行鉴定和授权的类，例如Forms和Passport鉴定。

• System.Web.SessionState— Contains classes for implementing session state.

• System.Web.SessionState--包含了处理session的状态的一些类。

• System.Web.UI— Contains the basic classes used in building the user interface of ASP.NET pages.

• System.Web.UI--包含了用来建立ASP.NET页面的用户接口的基本类。

• System.Web.UI.HTMLControls— Contains the classes for the HTML controls.

• System.Web.UI.WebControls— Contains the classes for the Web controls.

.NET Framework-Compatible Languages

For purposes of this book, you will write the application logic for your ASP.NET pages using Visual Basic as your programming language. It is the default language for ASP.NET pages (and the most popular programming language in the world). Although you stick to Visual Basic in this book, you also need to understand that you can create ASP.NET pages by using any language that supports the .NET Common Language Runtime. Out of the box, this includes C# (pronounced See Sharp), JScript.NET (the .NET version of JavaScript), and the Managed Extensions to C++.

Dozens of other languages created by companies other than Microsoft have been developed to work with the .NET framework. Some examples of these other languages include Python, SmallTalk, Eiffel, and COBOL. This means that you could, if you really wanted to, write ASP.NET pages using COBOL.

Regardless of the language that you use to develop your ASP.NET pages, you need to understand that ASP.NET pages are compiled before they are executed. This means that ASP.NET pages can execute very quickly.

The first time you request an ASP.NET page, the page is compiled into a .NET class, and the resulting class file is saved beneath a special directory on your server named Temporary ASP.NET Files. For each and every ASP.NET page, a corresponding class file appears in the Temporary ASP.NET Files directory. Whenever you request the same ASP.NET page in the future, the corresponding class file is executed.

When an ASP.NET page is compiled, it is not compiled directly into machine code. Instead, it is compiled into an intermediate-level language called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). All .NET-compatible languages are compiled into this intermediate language.

An ASP.NET page isn't compiled into native machine code until it is actually requested by a browser. At that point, the class file contained in the Temporary ASP.NET Files directory is compiled with the .NET framework Just in Time (JIT) compiler and executed.

The magical aspect of this whole process is that it happens automatically in the background. All you have to do is create a text file with the source code for your ASP.NET page, and the .NET framework handles all the hard work of converting it into compiled code for you.

Chapter 1. Building ASP.NET Pages

 

In this chapter, you learn how to build basic ASP.NET Web Forms Pages. Don't let the Forms part of the name mislead you. Web Forms Pages can do much more than display standard HTML forms. Most, if not all, of the pages of your ASP.NET application will be Web Forms Pages, which enable you to create pages with interactive, dynamic, or database-driven content.

在这一章节，你将学到怎样建立一个基本的ASP.NET Web Forms Pages.不要被名字中的Forms误导了你。Web Forms Pages 可以做比仅仅显示一个普通的HTML更多的事情。在你的ASP.NET中将会多数都是Web Forms Pages，而这些将会使你创建交互的，动态的或者基于数据库内容的页面。

Web Forms Pages are pieced together out of two building blocks. First, you assemble the dynamic portion of the user interface by using ASP.NET controls. ASP.NET controls enable you to display "smart" HTML forms, for example, and present interactive grids of database data. The first part of this chapter provides an overview of all the ASP.NET controls.

Web Forms Pages 被分割为两个构造的模块。首先，你将利用ASP.NET控件把用户界面的各个动态部分集合起来。ASP.NET能使你展示出精巧的HTML表格，也可以让你做出交互的数据库数据表格。此节的第一部分为你提供了关于ASP.NET空间的概况。

The second building block of a Web Forms Page is the application logic, which includes the code that executes when you click a form button, or the code that retrieves the database data displayed within a control. In the second part of this chapter, you learn how to add application logic to your Web Forms Pages to handle both control and page events.

第而部分是应用的程序的逻辑，主要包括了按钮触发事件的代码或者查询数据库数据并在控件中展示的代码。第二部分中，你将学会怎样向Web Forms Pages插入应用程序的逻辑来处理控件和页面事件。

Finally, in the last part of this chapter, you are formally introduced to the structure of an ASP.NET Web Forms Page. You learn about the different sections of a Web Forms Page and the type of content appropriate to each section.

最后，本章节的最后一部分，你将了解到一个Web Forms Pages的结构。你将了解到一个Web Forms Pages的各个部分以及各个部分之间的类似之处。

After reading this chapter, you can start creating dynamic Web sites by building interactive, dynamic pages using ASP.NET controls and handling control and page events with application logic.

完成此节的学习之后，你将能够通过使用ASP.NET控件及利用应用逻辑来处理控件和页面事件构件交互动态的页面开始创建动态的网站

The following typographic conventions are used in this book:

以下这些印刷体的命名规则将在本书中被使用：

• Code lines, commands, statements, variables, and any text you type or see onscreen appears in a mono typeface. Bold mono typeface is often used to represent the user's input.

• 代码行，命令，声明，变量和所有你在屏幕上看到或输入的文本都是以单一字体出现的，而加黑的字体用来标示用户的输入信息。

• Placeholders in syntax descriptions appear in an italic mono typeface. Replace the placeholder with the actual filename, parameter, or whatever element it represents.

• 在语法描述中的占位符将以italic mono 的字体形式出现。用实际的文件名，参数名或者任何这些占位符代表的元素来代替这些占位符。

• Italics highlight technical terms when they're being defined.

• 当一些技术名次被定义的时候，这些词会被以高显得形式标注出来。

• The  icon is used before a line of code that is really a continuation of the preceding line. Sometimes a line of code is too long to fit as a single line on the page. If you see before a line of code, remember that it's part of the line immediately above it.

•  

• The book also contains Notes, Tips, and Cautions to help you spot important or useful information more quickly.

• The notes include comments for experienced ASP users who are upgrading to ASP.NET. These notes are labeled "ASP Classic Note."

The topic of variable naming and code conventions is a touchy one. Programmers tend to develop their personal naming conventions and don't like others dictating how they should write their code.

变量命名规则和编码规范一直是一个比较敏感的话题。程序员更倾向于有自己的编程命名规则，他们不喜欢别人告诉他们应该怎么写自己的代码。

Nevertheless, having a common convention is valuable when code must be read by multiple people in an organization (think code reviews). Having a common convention also makes it easier to read your own code if you return to it at a later date.

不管怎样，如果会有比较多的人来阅读代码，有一个共同的编程规范更有利些（比如代码审查）。有一个共同的约定能让你在隔一段时间以后再阅读自己的代码的时候，能够很容易读懂。

The most popular variable naming convention is called Hungarian Notation. It was originally developed by Charles Simonyi at Microsoft and has been used internally at Microsoft for a number of years. According to this convention, you should name all variables starting with a standard three or four letter prefix that represents the variable's data type. For example, an integer variable used to represent a customer's age should be named intCustomerAge.

最流行的命名规范是匈牙利符号。它最初是由在微软的Charles Simonyi开发的，并且在微软内部已使用了多年。根据这个规则，你必须在命名所有变量的时候都在变量前加上三到四个字符以标示变量的数据类型。比如，一个用来表示客户年龄的变量应该命名为intCustomerAge。

Microsoft recommends that you do not follow this convention in the case of the .NET Framework and ASP.NET. The motivation for this recommendation is that they expect you to use an advanced editor, such as Microsoft Visual Studio, to write your code. Visual Studio automatically provides you with information about a variable's type.

但微软建议，如果开发.NET Framework and ASP.NET，不要使用这样的规则。这样建议的动机是他们希望在你开发的时候你可以使用一个比较高级的编辑器，比如Microsoft Visual Studio。Visual Studio能够自动为你通过一个变量的相关信息。

However, in this book, I will not assume that you are using Visual Studio to write your ASP.NET pages. In practice, developers use a wide variety of editors—such as Web Matrix, TextPad, UltraEdit, and Notepad—to write code. Since I am not assuming that you are using Visual Studio, a variable naming convention is necessary.

然而在这本书中，我将架设你并没有使用Visual Studio来编写你的ASP.NET页面。在实际中，开发人员有可能使用各种各样的编辑器，比如Web Matrix, TextPad, UltraEdit, and Notepad。正因为这样，我才觉得变量命名规则是必须的。

Furthermore, in my experience, many companies require their programmers to follow a strict naming convention that is typically some variation on the Hungarian Notation. I'll be using a variation of Hungarian Notation for the naming conventions used in this book. I've created a set of prefixes and naming conventions for the basic variable data types, ASP.NET Web Controls, ADO.NET classes, and event-handling subroutines. These conventions are listed in the following tables.

而且以我的经验来看，很多公司要求他们遵循一个比较严格的命名规范，而这些命名规范很多是匈牙利符号的一个变形。在本书中我也会使用这样一种命名规则。我已经为一些基本变量类型，ASP.NET web控件, ADO.NET 类和 事件处理子程序建立了一组前缀及命名规则。

My goal is not to provide a standard prefix for each and every class in the .NET Framework. That would require over 3,400 standard prefixes! The goal is to provide standard prefixes for the most common types that you would use in ASP.NET.

Table . Variable Naming Conventions

Type	Prefix	Example
Array	arr	arrShoppingList
Boolean	bln	blnIsPostBack
Byte	byt	bytPixelValue
Char	chr	chrDelimiter
DateTime	dtm	dtmStartDate
Decimal	dec	decAverageHeight
Double	dbl	dblSizeOfUniverse
Integer	int	intRowCounter
Long	lng	lngBillGatesIncome
Object	obj	objReturnValue
Short	shr	shrAverage
Single	sng	sngMaximum
String	str	strFirstName

Table . WebControls

Type	Prefix	Example
AdRotator	adrt	adrtTopAd
Button	btn	btnSubmit
Calendar	cal	calMeetingDates
CheckBox	chk	chkBlue
CheckBoxList	chkl	chklFavColors
CompareValidator	valc	valcValidAge
CustomValidator	valx	valxDBCheck
DataGrid	dgrd	dgrdTitles
DataList	dlst	dlstTitles
DropDownList	drop	dropCountries
HyperLink	lnk	lnkDetails
Image	img	imgAuntBetty
ImageButton	ibtn	ibtnSubmit
Label	lbl	lblResults
LinkButton	lbtn	lbtnSubmit
ListBox	lst	lstCountries
Panel	pnl	pnlForm2
PlaceHolder	plh	plhFormContents
RadioButton	rad	radFemale
RadioButtonList	radl	radlGender
RangeValidator	valg	valgAge
RegularExpression	vale	valeEmail_Validator
Repeater	rpt	rptQueryResults
RequiredFieldValidator	valr	valrFirstName
Table	tbl	tblCountryCodes
TableCell	tblc	tblcGermany
TableRow	tblr	tblrCountry
TextBox	txt	txtFirstName
ValidationSummary	vals	valsFormErrors
XML	xmlc	xmlcTransformResults

Table . ADO.NET

Type	Prefix	Example
Connection	con	conNorthwind
Commmand	cmd	cmdReturnProducts
Parameter	parm	parmProductID
DataAdapter	dad	dadProducts
DataReader	dtr	dtrProducts
DataSet	dst	dstNorthwind
DataTable	dtbl	dtblProduct
DataRow	drow	drowRow98
DataColumn	dcol	dcolProductID
DataRelation	drel	drelMasterDetail
DataView	dvw	dvwFilteredProducts

Event-Handling Subroutines

The name of an event-handling subroutine will consist of the ID of the control that raised the event followed by the type of event being handled. For example, a subroutine named btnSubmit_Click handles the Click event of a Button control named btnSubmit.

事件处理子程序的名字由触发此事件的控件ID和被处理事件的类型组成。举例来说，一个叫做btnSubmit_Click的事件则是处理一个名叫btnSubmit的按钮的单击事件的。

When a control that raises an event is not assigned an ID, the type of the control is used instead of the ID. For example, the subroutine named Button_Click handles the Click event of a Button control without an ID.

当一个没有任何ID的控件触发一个事件时，控件类型将取代ID在命名中出现。Button_Click则是处理一个无ID的按钮的单击事件。

  Although I encourage you to read this book from start to finish, reading chapter by chapter, I realize that not everyone has time to do so. If necessary, you can use this book solely as a reference and jump to a chapter only when the need arises. It might be helpful, therefore, to have an idea of the overall organization of this book.

  尽管我建议你把这本书从头到尾都读完，但我意识到不是谁都有足够的时间。如果必要的话，你可以仅仅把它当作一本参考资料来看，仅在需要的时候跳到相应的章节。所以了解到这个文章的结构对你还是有些帮助的。

• Part I: Working with ASP.NET Web Forms— The chapters in this part provide you with detailed information on building ASP.NET pages with form and validation controls. All the controls used for constructing interactive HTML forms are discussed.

• 第一部分：用ASP.NET Web Forms开发---本部分的几个章节提供了一些详细的信息教你使用框架（？）和验证控件构建ASP.NET页面。所有关于构建交互性HTML界面的控件都将会被介绍。

• Part II: Advanced ASP.NET Page Development— These chapters discuss how to create your own controls with user controls, how to use mobile controls to create Web pages that work with cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), how to divide the code from the design content on a page, and how to use third-party controls in your ASP.NET pages.

• 第二部分：ASP.NET Page高级开发---这些章节讨论了怎么样利用用户控件来创建你自己的控件，怎样利用 mobile controls 来创建web页面来支持手机及PDA，怎样将页面的代码及设计分开，怎样在你的ASP.NET页面上使用第三方控件。

• Part III: Working with ADO.NET— The chapters in this part provide you with a detailed understanding of ADO.NET. You learn how to perform basic database tasks, such as saving form data to a database. You also learn how to use the specialized database Web controls, such as the DataList and DataGrid controls.

• 第三部分：使用ADO.NET---这些章节能够让你详细的了解ADO.NET。你可以从中学到对于数据库的一些基本操作，比如保存一份表格到数据库中去。你同样会学到怎样使用特殊化的数据库web控件，比如DataList和DataList控件。

• Part IV: Working with ASP.NET Applications— These chapters discuss features of an ASP.NET application. For example, you learn how to configure your ASP.NET application with the Web.config file and work with both application and session state.

• 第四部分（四是这样写的IV）：使用ASP.NET应用程序---这些章节讨论了一个ASP.NET应用程序所具有的特点。举个例子，你将学会怎样使用Web.config文件来控制你的ASP.NET应用程序，也会学到怎样同时使用应用程序和session状态（高手帮忙，这里怎么翻）。

• Part V: Securing ASP.NET Applications— These chapters provide you with an overview of the security features built into ASP.NET. For example, you learn how to use form-based security to password-protect pages on your site. You also learn how to use the .NET classes for performing encryption.

• 第五部分：保证ASP.NET应用程序的安全---这些章节为你提供了一个概况，使你能够了解到构建到ASP.NET程序内部的安全方面的新特点。比如你可以学到在你的站点上怎样使用基于表格形式的安全措施来对密码进行保护。同时你可以学到使用.NET里的类来进行加密操作。

• Part VI: Building ASP.NET Web Services— The chapters in this part explain how to use an exciting new technology included with this release of Active Server Pages. In these chapters, you learn how to create Web Services and integrate the Web Services into your Web site.

• 第六部分：构建 ASP.NET的Web服务---这些章节将介绍怎样使用在这一版本中新添的技术（并不怎么激动人心）。在这些章节中，你将了解到怎样创建Web服务并且将这些服务集成到你的web站点上。

• Part VII: Leveraging the .NET Framework— These chapters discuss many of the useful .NET classes that you can use in your pages. For example, you learn how to generate images on-the-fly, work with collections and regular expressions, and send e-mail from an ASP.NET page.

• 第七部分：（这个leveraging到底怎么翻译才好）---这些章节讨论了很多可以用在你的页面中的比较有用的.NET类。比如你可以生成动态（on-the-fly）图片，可以使用集合和正则表达式，并且可以直接从界面中发送邮件。

• Part VIII: Building Custom ASP.NET Controls— These chapters discuss how you can extend the ASP.NET Framework with custom controls. You learn how to create your own ASP.NET controls.

• 第八部分：构建定制的ASP.NET控件---这里介绍了怎样使用定制控件来丰富你的ASP.NET 框架。

• Part IX: Sample ASP.NET Applications— The final part of this book contains two complete sample applications. You learn how to build a job site and an online store.

• 第九部分：ASP.NET的应用程序案例---最后一部分包含了俩个完整的应用程序例子，包括工作网站和网上书店。

About the Author

Stephen Walther a well-known ASP.NET expert and trainer, has provided training to companies and organizations throughout the United States including NASA, Verizon, MetLife, and the National Science Foundation through his company Superexpert AspWorkshops (www.AspWorkshops.com). He was the lead developer of the ASP.NET Community Starter Kit, a "best-practices" application released by Microsoft. Stephen was the past Chief Technical Officer of CityAuction (www.cityauction.com), one of the Internet's top person-to-person auction Web sites, and the exclusive auction provider for both Snap! and CitySearch. Stephen was also past Chief Technical Officer of Collegescape, the leading provider of online college applications.

 

关于作者

   Stephen Walther 在ASP。NET方面是一个知名的专家和培训者。通过他的公司，他向全美国各个地方的公司和机构提供培训课程。他曾经是微软发布的一款软件---ASP.NET Community Starter Kit的首席开发工程师。他还是一家从事私人交易的网站的技术总监，同时，他也曾经是Collegescape，一家提供网上大学教程的公司的技术总监。